Progress is real and solid” (Thernstrom and Thernstrom, 1997:535). In 1997, conservative analysts Stephan and Abigail Thernstrom argued that, “the foundation of progress for many Blacks is no longer fragile. Reaction against such pessimistic analyses seemed inevitable. These statements, it seemed, only set the stage for even more dramatic declarations from both Hispanics (Delgado, 1996) and other Blacks (Rowan, 1996). Civil rights activist and legal scholar Derrick Bell offered the bleak analysis that, “racism is an integral, permanent, and indestructible component of this society” (1992:ix). Essayist and political scientist Andrew Hacker declared that, “a huge racial chasm remains, and there are few signs that the coming century will see it closed” (1992:219). Throughout the 1990s, assessments of racial and ethnic relations in the United States suggested that we have become increasingly racially polarized. The color-line is not static it bends and buckles and sometimes breaks.
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